内容简介
Allsocietiesmustdealwiththepossibilityofviolence,andtheydosoindifferentways.Thisbookintegratestheproblemofviolenceintoalargersocialscienceandhistoricalframework,showinghoweconomicandpoliticalbehaviorarecloselylinked.Mostsocieties,whichwecallnaturalstates,limitviolencebypoliticalmanipulationoftheeconomytocreateprivilegedinterests.Theseprivilegeslimittheuseofviolencebypowerfulindividuals,butdoingsohindersbotheconomicandpoliticaldevelopment.Incontrast,modernsocietiescreateopenaccesstoeconomicandpoliticalorganizations,fosteringpoliticalandeconomiccompetition.Thebookprovidesaframeworkforunderstandingthetwotypesofsocialorders,whyopenaccesssocietiesarebothpoliticallyandeconomicallymoredeveloped,andhowsome25countrieshavemadethetransitionbetweenthetwotypes.
作者简介
DouglassC.Northisco-recipientofthe1993NobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicScience.HeisSpencerT.OlinProfessorinArtsandSciencesatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,whereheservedasDirectoroftheCenterforPoliticalEconomyfrom1984to1990andisBartlettBurnapSeniorFellowattheHooverInstitution,StanfordUniversity.AmemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesandaformermemberoftheBoardofDirectorsoftheNationalBureauofEconomicResearchfor20years,ProfessorNorthreceivedtheJohnR.CommonsAwardin1992.Theauthorof10books,includingInstitutions,InstitutionalChange,andEconomicPerformance(CambridgeUniversityPress,1990)andUnderstandingtheProcessofEconomicChange(2005),hisresearchinterestsincludepropertyrights,economicorganizationinhistory,andtheformationofpoliticalandeconomicinstitutionsandtheirconsequencesthroughtime.HeisafrequentconsultantfortheWorldBankandnumerouscountriesonissuesofeconomicgrowth.JohnJosephWallisisProfessorofEconomicsattheUniversityofMaryland,CollegeParkandaResearchAssociateattheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromtheUniversityofWashingtonin1981andwentontospendatwo-yearpostdoctoralfellowshipattheUniversityofChicago.Duringthe2006-07academicyear,hewasavisitingscholarattheHooverInstitutionandavisitingprofessorofpoliticalscienceatStanford.Inspringof2008hewasavisitingprofessorofeconomicsatHarvard.ProfessorWallisisaneconomichistorianwhospecializesinthepublicfinanceofAmericangovernmentsandmoregenerallyontherelationbetweentheinstitutionaldevelopmentofgovernmentsandthedevelopmentofeconomies.Hislarge-scaleresearchonAmericanstateandlocalgovernmentfinance,andonAmericanstateconstitutions,hasbeensupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundation.BarryR.WeingastistheWardC.KrebsFamilyProfessorintheDepartmentofPoliticalScienceandaSeniorFellowattheHooverInstitution,StanfordUniversity.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyin1977.PriortoteachingatStanford,ProfessorWeingastspenttenyearsatWashingtonUniversityinSt.LouisintheDepartmentofEconomicsandtheSchoolofBusiness.TherecipientoftheRikerPrize,theHeinzEulauPrize,andtheJamesBarrMemorialPrize,amongothers,hehasalsoworkedextensivelywithdevelopmentagenciessuchastheWorldBankandtheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment.ProfessorWeingastcoauthoredAnalyticalNarratives(1998)andcoeditedTheOxfordHandbookofPoliticalEconomy(2006).Hisresearchfocusesonthepoliticalfoundationsofmarkets,economicreform,andregulation,includingproblemsofpoliticaleconomyofdevelopment,federalismanddecentralization,andlegalinstitutions.
